ep:ep_lists:ep_books:1966gibson_the_senses_considered_as_perceptual_systems
Table of Contents
The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems
APA Citation for Resource
Links
Summary
Outline
Introduction
What are the senses?
The Senses and the Sensory Nerves
The Improvement of Perception with learning
the facts to be surveyed
Chapter 01 The Environment as a Source of Stimulation
the terrestrial environment
the consequences of rigidity
the consequences of gravity
the consequences of electromagnetic radiation
the special consequences of light
the air as a medium
ambient information
perspective projections of an object
compression waves from a vibratory event
the diffusion of volatile substances
chemical contacts with the environment
mechanical contact with the environment
the world of physics and the sources of stimulation
the animate environment
social stimulation
social interaction
the environment of emerging man
the cultural environment
the meaning of the term "stimulus"
Summary
Chapter 02 The Obtainign of Stimulation
two ways of obtaining stimulation
the fallacy of ascribing proprioception to proprioceptors
the lower proprioceptive systems: Posture and equilibrium
the higher proprioceptive systems: purposive action
Theories of action sensitivity
the characteristics of a natural stimulus
receptors, organs, and systems
mechanicreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors
Summary
Chapter 03 The Perceptual Systems
the historical difficulty of cataloging the sensations
a classification of the perceptual systems
the five modes of external attention
Table 1: The Perceptual Systems
| Name | Mode of attention | Receptive Units | Anatomy of the organ | activity of the organ | stimuli available | External information obtained |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Basic Orienting System | General orientation | Mechanoreceptors | Vestibular organs | Body equilibrium | Forces of gravity and acceleration | Direction of gravity, being pushed |
| The Auditory System | Listening | Mechanoreceptors | Cochlear organs with middle ear and auricle | Orienting to sounds | Vibration in the air | Nature and location of vibratory events |
| The Haptic System | Touching | Mechanorecptors and possibly Thermoreceptors | Skin (including attachments and openings), Joints (including ligaments), Muscles (including tendons) | Exploration of many kinds | Deformation of tissues, Configuration of joints, Stretching of muscle fibers | Contact with the earth, Mechanical encounters, object shape, Material states, Solidity or viscosity |
| The Taste-Smell System | Smelling | Chemoreceptors | Nasal cavity (nose) | Sniffing | Composition of the medium | Nature of volatiles sources |
| The Taste-Smell System | Tasting | Chemo- and Mechanoreptors | Oral Cavity (Mouth) | Savoring | Composition of ingested objects | Nutritive and biochemical values |
| The Visual System | Looking | Photoreceptors | Ocular mechanism(eyes, with intrinsic and extrinsic eye muscles, as related to the vestibular organs, the head, and the whole body) | Accomodation, Pupillary adjustment, Fixation, Convergence, Exploration | The variables of structure in ambient light | Everything that can be specified by the variables of optical structure (information about objects, animals, motions, events, and places) |
the education of attention in perceptual systems
the pickup of information by the perceptual systems
the partial equivalence of perceptual systems
the irrelevance of sensations to the perceptual systems
the relation of muscle systems to perceptual systems
Gibson, 57 Movement, it was suggested, is of two general types, exploratory and performatory, the first serving perception and the second behavior as usually conceived. In order to clarify matters, it might be well to consider all the systems that involve muscles. The following classification is tentatively proposed.
- the postural system. The body need not “move” at all, except for small compensatory movements to preserve equilibrium. There is orientation to the earth. This system is fundamental to all the others.
- The orienting-investigating system. Movements occur, turning movements, but also mere postures of pointing and fixating. These are adjustments of the head, eyes, mouth, hands, and other organs for obtaining external stimulus information. There is orientation to special features of the earth, not just to gravity.
- The locomotor system. Movements occur that put the animal in a more favorable place in the environment, such as approaching, pursuing, avoiding, escaping.
- The appetitive system. Movements occur that take from or give to the environment, such as breathing, eating, eliminating, and sexual interaction.
- The performatory system. Movements occur that alter the environment in ways beneficial to the organism, such as displacing things, storing food, constructing shelter, fighting, and using tools.
- The expressive system. Postural, facial, and vocal movements occur that specify emotional states and that identify the individual.
- The semantic system. Signaling movements of all sorts occur, especially coded speech.
summary
Chapter 04 The Basic Orienting System
The statocyst organ
the statocyst in relation to other organs
the evolution of the vestibular organ
the macular of the utricle and Saccule
the cupulae of the semi-circular canals
the use of vestibular information
the limitations of the vestibular apparatus
illusions of passive transposition
illusions of passive head rotation
postural orientation: a summary
oriented locomotion
Chapter 05 The Auditory System
Stucture and evolution of the auditory system
the development of the cochlea
the development of the middle ear
the potential stimuli for the auditory system
the pickup of wave fronts: Orientation and localization
the adjustment process: orientation
priority of onset and disparity of intensity as cues for the perception of direction
the perception of sounds in the head
the pickup of wave trains: identification
meaningful sounds
some classes of distinctive sounds
the pickup of symbolic speech
articulation as the source of speech
the stimulus information for the detection of phonemes
the physical reality of speech
proprioceptive hearing and its implication
Summary
Chapter 06 The Haptic System and its Components
the sensations take to underlie haptic perception
the skin with its appendages and the body with its members
cutaneous appendages as receptive units
body members
the haptic system of Arthropods
the use of extremities for touching
the organization of the haptic system
mechanic-receptors and mechanical stimulation
the location of mechnoreceptors in the body
perceptual subsystems
the difference between muscle sensitivity and join sensitivity
the use of the term "Kinethesis"
the covariation of skin sensitivity and joint sensitivity
the differentiated skin
Chapter 07 The Capabilities of the Haptic-Somatic System
perceptions induced by cutaneous deformation: passive touch
perception of the disposition of touching surface by the disposition of body members
the calibration of subjective skeletal space
exploratory perception with haptic touch
shape
surface texture
material composition and consistency: dynamic touching
summary of perception by haptic exploration
touch temperature and air temperature
illusions of touch temperature
receptors for temperature
pain and painful touch
social touch
summary of chapters 6 and 7
Chapter 08 Tasting and Smelling as a Perceptual System
the tasting system
available information in tasting
sensations of taste
the limitations of tasting as a control for eating
hunger and thirst
the uses of the mouth
experiments on the haptic of the mouth
the smelling system
the uses of smelling
the identification of sources by odor
the orientation of behavior by odor
the sensation of smell
the beginning of a theory
the perception of chemical values in the sea
Summary
Chapter 09 The Visual System: Evolution
the uses of eyes
detecting the layout of the surroundings
detecting change or sequence
detecting and controlling locomotion
the evolution of visual systems
the simplest visual systems
the evolution of ocular systems in vertebrates
postural stabilization of the eyes
the focusing of a definite image
the use of frontal eyes and lateral eyes
the advantage of concentrating the receptors in special regions
the advantage of compulsory convergence of both eyes
the advantages of a night retina, a day retina, and a duplex retina
the advantage of color vision
summary
Chapter 10 The Visual System: Environmental Information
the principles of ecological optics
radiation from a luminous source (stage 1)
scatter-reflection of light from surfaces (stage2)
the set of all convergence points in a medium (stage3)
the ambient light at a stationary convergence point (stage 4)
the effective array at a stationary convergence point (stage 5)
the ambient array at a moving convergence point (stage 6)
figurative motion within the ambient array (stage 7)
Kinetic optical occlusion of convergence points for a geographical environment (stage 8)
the connected set of convergence points for a geographical environment
the structuring of ambient light
differential facing
surface composition
the combination of inclination and reflectance
attached shadows
cast shadows
the combination of inclination, reflectance, and shadowing
the structuring of light by means other than reflection
transmitted light and transparent surfaces
mirror reflection
irregular refraction
differential polarization of sky light
structuring of an array by radiant sources
summary
Chapter 11 The Structuring of Light by Artifice
the original and derived meanings of the term "image"
the distinction between real and apparent sources of an optic array
the origin of images in prehistory
the fundamental graphic act
experiments on the graphic act
the consequences of pictorial representation
the illusion of reality in pictorial perception
the consequences of perception at second hand
the consequences of the pictorial attitude for psychology
the consequences of the pictorial attitude for art
the concern with optical structure as such
the structuring of light by alphabetic writing
two conceptions of the information in stimulation
equivocal information from a picture
Chapter 12 The Pickup of Ambient Information: Scanning
the problem of perceiving by scanning
the equivalence of successive sampling to simultaneous grasping
the stable and unbounded character of the phenomenal visual world
ecological optics and the visual scanning process
ambient light and the ambient array
the temporary sample of an ambient array
what, then, is the retinal image?
exploratory visual attention
the persistence of invariant structure in successive samples
the superfluous appeal to memory
the tuning of the system to invariant information
Chapter 13 The Theory of Information Pickup
what is innate and what acquired in perception
the probable mechanism of learning to perceive
how are associations between events detected
what is learning by insight
what is the relation of perceiving to remembering?
what is the relation of perceiving to expecting?
what is the effect of language on perception?
the probable kinds of development in learning to perceive
differentiating the range of possible inputs
establishing the covatiation of inputs between different systems
isolating external invariants
learning the affordances of objects
detecting situational invariants
the development of selective attention
Chapter 14 The Causes of Deficient Perception
inadequate information
minimal energy and the concept of threshold
the blurring of structure
the masking of structure
conflicting or contradicting information
interval cutoff with a tachistoscope
narrowing down of an array
experimental operations on structure
the consequences of inadequate information
the deficiencies of the perceptual process
the failure of organ adjustment at high intensity
physiological after-effects
the obstructing of sensation on perception
after-effects of habituation
overselective attention
a classification of illusions
artificial sources
the being of an optic array by reflection or refraction
contradictory information from a picture
the geometrical illusion
after-effects of excitation
insufficient specialization of receptors
internal excitation of the nervous system
Bibliography
ep/ep_lists/ep_books/1966gibson_the_senses_considered_as_perceptual_systems.txt · Last modified: 2024/10/22 19:35 by adminguide